Nature has aesthetics of its own, what can provoke the human mind into better recognizing the concept of beauty via mental perception. As such, human mind can interact with the nonverbal expressions of nature only to better his/her primitive aesthetic knowledge and reach a more novel recognition of aestheticism via the practice of interpretative deduction. This article has been the result of a series of discussions and dialogues between the authors on the nature of aesthetic geotouring and exploring the natural phenomena based on the Dialectical Method of Socrates and modelled after the Platonic dialogues. The outcome of this dialectic study brings to light the fact that touring in nature through providing the due opportunity for mental perception of aesthetic phenomena can provide a clearer definition of ‘beauty’ in its rich variety. Aesthetic search as such will culminate in forming a more illuminated mental concept of beauty in mind, what can influence human rationale for aesthetic judgment and enrich even more the texture of human aesthetic creation. Such aesthetico-interpretative endeavor might lead to a higher potential for creating more original works of literature and art and culminate in a better judgment about such aesthetic creations.

The present article endeavours to examine, through a descriptive and analytical methodology, the APPROACH taken by the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), regarding INTERDISCIPLINARY studies in the field of Higher Education. The research explains the programmes and policies of this organization in the area of Higher Education and discusses the process of the evolution of INTERDISCIPLINARY towards transdisciplinarity in the surveys and researches conducted by the organization. After reflecting on the reasons for its tendency towards transdisciplinary studies, the research analyses the criteria of the passage from structural interdisciplinarity to behavioural transdisciplinarity. The article concludes that OECD has adopted the passage from structural interdisciplinarity towards behavioural transdisciplinarity as a basis for policymaking and educational and research orientation in the field of Higher Education. This APPROACH tends to promote the capabilities, innovations, skills and creativity of students and to increase their objective understanding of social and professional conditions and necessities, so that the context for their successful and constructive presence in technical markets, as well as their effective responsiveness to the needs of their society, is provided for.

rime is a phenomenon that includes many factors such as social, economical, psychology and legal. But it seems that the main factor underlying this phenomenon is economical factors like: unemployment, poverty, unequal income distribution, inflation and etc. but the question is: how do these factors affect humans and cause the perpetration of crime.Upon study intends to tender necessary solutions in direction to arising tolerance outset and ethical outset of human in not proper economical situation, by using scientific identifying of this phenomenon, and compilation economics and psychology sciences.So from this way the incentive crime occurrence decreases. So the writers of this essay decide to prevent from occurrence of crime and villainy with compilation psychology, sociology and economic sciences, in an innovational action.

In general, it seems that functions of educational systems are more important to people than functions of research systems. A reason for this is more efficiency of educational systems in terms of their explicit impact on people's lives issue-based research studies develop; it becomes possible for research bodies to achieve a similar degree of credibility as educational systems.Development of issue-based researches requires review of research projects and methods used to plan and implement them, thus preventing research process to avoid of prediction and imitation and to seriously seek cooperation from different specialists. Therefore, it should be noted that development of issue-based researches requires INTERDISCIPLINARY teams to be formed and new management styles and structures to be developed in research process.

Background & Aim: Sphenoid wing en plaque meningiomas are a subgroup of meningiomas defined by their particular sheet-like dural involvement and its disproportionately large bone hyperostosis. En plaque meningiomas represent 2-9% of all meningiomas, and they are mainly located in the sphenoid wing. Total surgical resection is difficult and, therefore, these tumors have high recurrence rate s.Methods & Materials/Patients: Seventeen patients with sphenoid wing en plaque meningiomas who were surgically treated with INTERDISCIPLINARY APPROACH with aggressive resection between January 2013 and December 2016 were included. Clinical, surgical, and follow-up data were retrospectively analyzed.Results: The mean age was 52.2 years and 68% were females.8 patients presented the extension of dural component into the orbit and 3 patients presented cavernous sinus infiltration. Two patients were recurrent cases. After a mean follow-up of 2 years, 2 patients developed tumor recurrence & two patients were submitted to surgical treatment. Immediately post operative proptosis wasn’t seen in any of patients and visual acuity was similar to pre operative status in all cases and improved in one case. One patient died because of MCA injury during drilling of SOF. Patients without tumor extension to cavernous sinus or orbital cavity had the best prognosis treated with surgery alone. When tumor extension involves these locations, the recurrence rate is high, especially in cases not submitted to adjuvant radiation therapy.Conclusion: INTERDISCIPLINARY surgical APPROACH to enplaque meningioma and aggressive resection of orbital structure resulted in decline in recurrence, better cosmetic ou tcome and lower complications.

Human life and its new requirements have made the specialization of sciences a must. However, from the beginning the categories of knowledge could not make a clear boundary among different fields of sciences. Extra specialization along with the complexity of science’s issues caused the spread of assimilation attitudes in production of knowledge. In the first part of the paper, the present situation of knowledge and need of unity among sciences will be explained. In the second part, the authors briefly explain the new patterns of knowledge are discussed. The final section of paper presents a model to emphasize on necessities of unity of humanities disciplines.

Conservation-restoration is an empirical science devoted to the preventive and remedial treatment of cultural heritage objects. At a professional level, it can be characterised as a blend of theoretical knowledge and practical skills. Although conservation-restoration originates from the historical accumulation of the skills of master craftsmen and artists, it has been developed into an academic field during the 20th century, having associations with a wide range of humanities and natural sciences, applied chemistry and physics, as well as analytical, organisational and philosophical elements. Recent studies of conservation-restoration are characterised by INTERDISCIPLINARY APPROACHes. Despite the discipline’ s academic structure having remained intact, commonalities between conservationrestoration and other disciplines have resulted in further overlaps. Nowadays, multidisciplinary and INTERDISCIPLINARY researches are developing at the boundaries of the scientific disciplines. In the present paper, boundaries, commonalities and collaborations between the conservation-restoration of monuments and other disciplines such as architecture, civil engineering, archaeology and social science, have been explained. Multi-specialism has its history in disciplines such as agriculture, industry and vocational training in Iran. However, when it comes to restoration, and despite the original multidisciplinary intentions in the design of BA courses in this field, the view towards curriculum is still predominantly single-disciplinary. The discipline’ s isolation from other disciplines of similar nature such as architecture has generated obstacles for a useful teaching. The present study makes use of logical reasoning together with a review of the history of the pedagogy in the discipline from the beginning to the initiation of academic institutions. The main aim of this paper is to offer a correct description of the discipline, which is different from what is considered INTERDISCIPLINARY or sub-disciplinary. To do so, attempts are made to analyse the curriculum content and its relation with other disciplines with close ties with restoration. The conclusion is that a restoration graduate is of a nature beyond one from architecture, structure, chemistry or sociology, and that this difference must be taken into account for planning the curriculum.

 While shedding light on the evolution of the multidisciplinary APPROACH to orientalist studies in the 19th and early 20th centuries، this paper elaborates on the INTERDISCIPLINARY APPROACH to post-colonial studies in the second half of the 20th Century with a historical and analytical perspective. The paper is also intended to explain the transitional phase from multicultural studies to intercultural studies as well as the new methodological developments from a multidisciplinary APPROACH to an INTERDISCIPLINARY one as well as to examine the outcomes of these developments in the orientalist analyses of western academicians and the interactions between different disciplines in post-colonial studies. In response to the question as to “why has the orientalism been basically based on a multidisciplinary APPROACH while the post-colonial studies have tended to rely on an INTERDISCIPLINARY one”، this paper will make a review of the introvert factors caused by the assimilatory and multifaceted nature of scientific orientalism as well as the extrovert factors caused by the influence of colonial powers on the western orientalists in studying the economic، social، cultural، political، historical and literary aspects of the oriental societies. Furthermore، the paper aims at providing an explanatory method for identifying the causes of an effort for an intercultural APPROACH towards post-colonial studies by taking into consideration and emphasizing on field research through establishing an epistemological and methodological linkage between aesthetics، etymology، anthropology، sociology، geography and political science as well as INTERDISCIPLINARY cooperation among indigenous orientalists.